Although Dogen claimed in Dharma hall discourse 48 that he returned
from China to Japan “with empty hands,” he brought with him an
extraordinary mastery of the extensive Chinese Chan koan literature. A
popular stereotype is that Japanese Rinzai Zen emphasizes koan practice
whereas Soto Zen emphasizes just sitting meditation, or zazen, and even
disdains koans. However, even a cursory reading of Dogen demonstrates
his frequent use of a very wide range of koans. Contrary to the stereotype,
as amply proved in Eihei Koroku along with his other writings, Dogen is
clearly responsible for introducing the koan literature to Japan, and in his
teaching he demonstrates how to bring this material alive.
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One difference between Dogen’s use of koan study and a stereotypical
modern view of koan practice can be found in his critique of kensho as a
goal. This term, which means “seeing the nature,” has been understood
at times to refer to an opening experience of attainment of realization,
going beyond conceptual thinking. Dogen believes that this is a dualistic
misunderstanding and such experiences are not to be emphasized. For
Dogen, Buddha nature is not an object to merely see or acquire, but a
mode of being that must be actually lived and expressed. All realizations
or understandings, even those from Dogen’s own comments, must be let
go, as he stresses to a student in Dharma word 4: “If you hold on to a single
word or half a phrase of the buddha ancestors’ sayings or of the koans
from the ancestral gate, they will become dangerous poisons. If you want
to understand this mountain monk’s activity, do not remember these
comments. Truly avoid being caught up in thinking.”
Unlike in the formal Rinzai curriculum, or the koan study of Dahui,
Dogen does not explicitly recommend the koan stories as objects of formal
meditation, but offers them for general contemplation and intent
study. For example, in the last Dharma word, 14, Dogen says: “When
you meet a teacher, first ask for one case of a [koan] story, and just keep
it in mind and study it diligently…. Now I see worldly people who visit
and practice with teachers, and before clarifying one question, assertively
enjoy bringing up other stories. They withdraw from the discussion as if
they understand, but are close-mouthed and cannot speak. They have not
yet explained one third of the story, so how will we see a complete saying?”
In addition to study of the traditional koan stories, in Eihei Koroku
Dogen also emphasizes the approach of genjokoan, “full manifestation of
ultimate reality,” or attention to the koans manifesting in everyday activity.
In this approach, each everyday phenomenon or challenge arising
before us can be intently engaged, to be realized and fully expressed. “Genjokoan”
is the name of one of Dogen’s most famous essays, now thought
of as part of Shobogenzo. But he uses this term and expresses this
approach elsewhere in his writings, including in Eihei Koroku. For example,
in Dharma hall discourse 60 Dogen says: “Everybody should just
wholeheartedly engage in this genjokoan. What is this genjokoan? It is just
all buddhas in the ten directions and all ancestors, ancient and present,
and it is fully manifesting right now. Do you all see it? It is just
our…getting up and getting down from the sitting platform.”